https://dspace.vblibrarynetwork.in:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/29 2026-09-09T04:37:38Z https://dspace.vblibrarynetwork.in:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/5822 Women Education and Libraries of Royal Ladies of Mughal Period: A Study Ghosh, Smritimoy; Saha, Nimai Chand In the history of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), the education of women has undergone different ups and downs. During ancient times, the education system of women was unique. They enjoyed free education and their role in the society was significant. The women in this period held the positions of Rishis, Sages and even the experts of Vedas. In the medieval period, during the Muhamcdan rule, education of women in general was negleated due to the purdah system, early marriage and many other reasons. In the Mughal Period, the education ofwomen was regarded as less importart compared to men in the middle and upper-class families by both Hindus and Muslims. Though some Mughal emperors established mukhtabs and madrasahs for the education ofthe girls, in the upper and noble class society, the women received higher education, and sometimes they made creditable progress in litcrature, music, poetry, and religious studies. The royal ladies of the Mughal Period were highly educated and accomplished, even though they possessed their personal libraries. Considering the above, the paper will review the pertinent literatue to examine both the opportunities and conshaints faced by the women. Finally, the paper will highlight the nature of women education system and libraries ofthe women in the Mughal Period. 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z https://dspace.vblibrarynetwork.in:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/5811 The Emergence and Expansion of Religious and Exchange Centers as ‘Urban’ in Early Medieval Bihar Anil Kumar The post-Gupta era witnessed the deterioration of the urban economy as a result of the marginalization of trade and currency network. The early medieval period marked the emergence of feudalism and land grants became one of the major features of this socio-economic system. The earlier urban centers of Bihar declined or disappeared by the beginning of the seventh century CE. The new towns that emerged had a distinctive nature and revolved around two functions, namely political and religio-educational. An attempt to identify such centers in different parts of Bihar underlines either their ecclesiastical or politico-administrative basis as they were either religion centers or fortified administrative nuclei. A large number of Brahmanical and Buddhist sites, excavated and studied in the recent times, indicate that they were located either on the ancient trade routes or in the alluvial plains, which connected the other contemporary religious centers of early medieval Bihar through rivers as well as land routes, providing access to pilgrims and merchants alike. Though there is a lack of direct evidence of any economic activity from these sites, however, the retrieved artifacts lying near these sites provide evidence on their material background. 2024-10-24T00:00:00Z https://dspace.vblibrarynetwork.in:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/5810 Krimila Anil Kumar 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://dspace.vblibrarynetwork.in:443/xmlui/handle/123456789/5809 Interpreting Early Medieval Sculptures From Magadh Anil Kumar 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z