http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/16 Mon, 25 May 2026 11:51:40 GMT 2026-05-25T11:51:40Z http://localhost:80/bitstream/id/918eb1dd-4e23-4117-b1f1-2f247953291c/download.png http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/16 http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5811 The Emergence and Expansion of Religious and Exchange Centers as ‘Urban’ in Early Medieval Bihar Anil Kumar The post-Gupta era witnessed the deterioration of the urban economy as a result of the marginalization of trade and currency network. The early medieval period marked the emergence of feudalism and land grants became one of the major features of this socio-economic system. The earlier urban centers of Bihar declined or disappeared by the beginning of the seventh century CE. The new towns that emerged had a distinctive nature and revolved around two functions, namely political and religio-educational. An attempt to identify such centers in different parts of Bihar underlines either their ecclesiastical or politico-administrative basis as they were either religion centers or fortified administrative nuclei. A large number of Brahmanical and Buddhist sites, excavated and studied in the recent times, indicate that they were located either on the ancient trade routes or in the alluvial plains, which connected the other contemporary religious centers of early medieval Bihar through rivers as well as land routes, providing access to pilgrims and merchants alike. Though there is a lack of direct evidence of any economic activity from these sites, however, the retrieved artifacts lying near these sites provide evidence on their material background. Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5811 2024-10-24T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5810 Krimila Anil Kumar Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5810 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5809 Interpreting Early Medieval Sculptures From Magadh Anil Kumar Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5809 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5808 A Typo-chronological Study of Ceramics from Lalpahari, Lakhisarai, Bihar Anil Kumar; Saha, Siddhartha Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5808 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z